Thursday, February 26, 2015

Genotyping at Birth

Adam Zimmerman, Brendan Verano
Biology
Period 4.

Description
The genotype determines potential characteristics and limitations of the individual organism from embryo to adulthood. For organisms that reproduce sexually, genotype embodies the entire complex of genes inherited from both parents. Genotype can be demonstrated mathematically to show that individual offspring inherit different traits from their parents. Genes for certain traits can be recessive or dominant, which determines the likelihood of their expression as phenotype in a given individual.Genotyping is the process of going over differences and similarities of someone or some things genotype. It also is the process of determining differences in the genetic makeup of an individual by examining the individual's DNA sequence using biological assays and comparing it to another individual's sequence or a reference sequence. They look at the DNA sequence of a person compared to what it should be. Genotyping reveals the alleles that were passed on from each of the parents into the kid. Genotyping at birth would mean the immediately after the baby is born they take a sample off their heel and send it to get genotyped. This is big in the scientific community because it could show possible genetic complications. If we knew how the diseases are made we could possibly find a cure or make a cure. Advances in genomic technologies have enabled development of many novel genome analysis methods that may have applications in the understanding, diagnosis, and management of genetic diseases and cancer. Comprehensive high-throughput assays are available for detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms. DNA copy number variation, microsatellite expansion or contraction and loss of heterozygosity, all of which detect sometimes subtle genomic alterations associated with disease. Some of these assays require micrograms of DNA which may be difficult to obtain for many clinical samples. In addition, inadequate DNA template may prevent the performance of multiple assays on a single sample(2).Since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ?s clearance of the first genotyping assay for cystic fibrosis in 2005, the Office of In Vitro Diagnostic Device Evaluation and Safety within the Center for Devices and Radiological Health has reviewed a number of other genotyping assays for inherited disorders. Some of these genotyping assays are intended to detect relatively rare heritable diseases consisting of multiple disease-causing alleles (mutations) for each disease, while others may detect more common diseases, but are intended to test very rare as well as common mutations.(2). If you were to try and genotype every child that is born you would have a huge cost genotyping is not very common but it costs a lot of money. It would be very hard to do this to a lot of babies. Human genetic variation is present in many different forms in the genome, ranging from large, structural, chromosomal changes to single nucleotide polymorphisms. Life Technologies  offers a broad range of products for analysis of genetic variation and genomic profiling.




Benefits
Genotyping could change our lives in a big way. If we were to genotype each baby we would learn what could possibly go wrong in their later years. Genotyping could tell us a number of different things it can tell about; brain diseases and hard defects. it can tell us what each person is at risk of in their lifetime and if we know what could possibly go wrong we can take precautionary measures to be safe.

Risks
The risk of genotyping at birth would be that it would change the way we live. If we know something is wrong with ourself we will live differently than we live if we did not know we were sick. If we were to genotype every child we would know what could possibly be wrong with them which could possibly change the way other people think of them.

Interview
1. What do you know about genotyping?
I do not know a lot about genotyping but I know that it is used to find genetic infections  in a person.
2. Would you want to be genotyped?
I would not like to be genotyped because i would not want to know if i would have any diseases in the future .
3. If you had a child would you get him/her genotyped at birth?
Maybe because it will be later in the future and it could possibly be better.
4. Are you against genotyping or for it?
I am against genotyping because it affects the life of a human and how he will live his life.
5. Would you want to know the results of your genotyping?
Yes because if my babies come out with a dysfunctioning limb or something like that, I will need to know to try and save his life.

Reflection
Genotyping is helpful to us in some ways, but it is immoral in life. I don’t think humans should consider re-designing life. It’s not natural to re-create life because thats not why we were put here. If we were able to do this all the time, then the natural balances of life will be screwed up. Our opinion is that humans shall not touch any area of this subject of Genotyping. Genotyping is a concept of determining  potential characteristics and limitations of the individual organism from embryo to adulthood.

Resources







4.Genomics: Genotyping gets up to speed. (2005). Nature, 435(7044), 992. Retrieved from http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/scic/AcademicJournalsDetailsPage/AcademicJournalsDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=SCIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&display-query=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Journals&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&search_within_results=&p=SCIC&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CA185469843&source=Bookmark&u=las89135&jsid=3e2c95b0855e26048a2dd367ba465d
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